Solid Dosage Forms
- Tablets: Made by compressing active ingredients and excipients into solid form. They are easy to use, store, and provide precise dosages, ensuring adherence to treatment.
- Capsules: Solid forms enclosed in gelatin shells containing powdered or liquid active ingredients. They are easier to swallow and protect unstable ingredients from the stomach environment.
- Powders: Fine particles of the active ingredient, ideal for children or those with difficulty swallowing. Often mixed with liquids before use to enhance absorption.
Liquid Dosage Forms
- Solutions: Homogeneous liquid drugs that offer quick absorption and fast therapeutic effects. They are less likely to irritate the gastrointestinal tract.
- Suspensions: Contain solid drug particles dispersed in a liquid solvent, allowing flexible dosing. Requires shaking before use for uniform distribution.
- Emulsions: Liquid drugs where the active ingredient is dispersed in a solvent, suitable for poorly water-soluble substances.
- Syrups: Sweetened solutions, often preferred by children. However, they may be unsuitable for individuals with diabetes due to high sugar content.
Injections
- Intravenous (IV): Administered directly into the veins for immediate effect, ideal for emergencies or rapid therapeutic needs.
- Intramuscular (IM): Injected into muscles, allowing slow and steady absorption.
- Subcutaneous (SC): Injected into the fat layer under the skin for prolonged absorption.
Semi-solid Dosage Forms
- Ointments: Fat- or oil-based preparations that retain moisture and protect the skin, suitable for conditions like dry skin or dermatitis.
- Creams: Oil-and-water mixtures with active ingredients, non-greasy, and quick to absorb.
- Gels: Transparent, non-greasy formulations that penetrate the skin easily, providing a cooling effect for burns or minor injuries.
Other Forms
- Transdermal Patches: Adhesive patches that release active ingredients through the skin into the bloodstream. Used for chronic pain, angina, or nicotine withdrawal.
- Sprays: Ideal for nasal, throat, or pulmonary use, providing targeted, quick relief. Examples include nasal sprays and asthma inhalers.
- Drops: Administered directly to specific areas like the eyes, ears, or nose. Effective with minimal systemic side effects.
Common Dosage Forms in the Market