Nervous system - Trung Minh Le's page

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Neuron	/ˈnʊərɒn/	Noun	A nerve cell that transmits electrical impulses in the brain and throughout the nervous system.	Tế bào thần kinh	Example: Neurons communicate with each other via synapses. Related: neuronal, neurotransmitter.
Synapse	/ˈsɪnæps/	Noun	The junction between two nerve cells, where neurotransmitters are released to transmit signals.	Khớp thần kinh	Example: The synapse allows neurons to pass electrical or chemical signals. Related: synaptic, synaptogenesis.
Axon	/ˈæksɒn/	Noun	The long, slender projection of a neuron that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron’s cell body.	Sợi trục thần kinh	Example: Axons can be covered with myelin to increase the speed of transmission. Related: axonal, axon terminal.
Dendrite	/ˈdɛndraɪt/	Noun	The branched projections of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons.	Sợi nhánh	Example: Dendrites play a key role in the transmission of signals to the neuron’s cell body. Related: dendritic, dendritic spines.
Myelin	/ˈmaɪəlɪn/	Noun	A fatty substance that surrounds the axon of some nerve cells, forming an insulating layer.	Myelin	Example: Myelin sheaths are essential for the fast transmission of nerve impulses. Related: myelination, myelin sheath.
Glial Cells	/ˈɡlaɪəl sɛlz/	Noun	Non-neuronal cells in the nervous system that provide support and protection for neurons.	Tế bào thần kinh đệm	Example: Glial cells include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. Related: neuroglia, glial function.
Cerebrum	/səˈriːbrəm/	Noun	The largest part of the brain, responsible for voluntary actions, speech, senses, thought, and memory.	Đại não	Example: The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres. Related: cerebral cortex, cerebral hemispheres.
Cerebellum	/ˌsɛrəˈbɛləm/	Noun	A region of the brain that coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, and speech.	Tiểu não	Example: The cerebellum helps maintain balance and coordination. Related: cerebellar, cerebellar peduncles.
Brainstem	/ˈbreɪnˌstɛm/	Noun	The posterior part of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord and controls vital functions.	Thân não	Example: The brainstem regulates heart rate, breathing, and sleep cycles. Related: medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain.
Spinal Cord	/ˈspaɪnəl kɔːd/	Noun	The cylindrical bundle of nerve fibers that extends from the brainstem down the spinal column, transmitting signals.	Tủy sống	Example: The spinal cord acts as a conduit for signals between the brain and the rest of the body. Related: spinal nerves, central nervous system.
Peripheral Nerves	/pəˈrɪfərəl nɜːvz/	Noun	Nerves located outside the brain and spinal cord, responsible for transmitting signals to and from the central nervous system.	Dây thần kinh ngoại vi	Example: Peripheral nerves include sensory and motor nerves. Related: peripheral neuropathy, peripheral nervous system.
Autonomic Nervous System	/ˌɔːtəˈnɒmɪk ˈnɜːvəs ˈsɪstɪm/	Noun	The part of the nervous system that controls involuntary functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate.	Hệ thần kinh tự chủ	Example: The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Related: autonomic functions, autonomic dysreflexia.
Sympathetic Nervous System	/ˌsɪmpəˈθɛtɪk ˈnɜːvəs ˈsɪstɪm/	Noun	A division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for stressful or emergency situations.	Hệ thần kinh giao cảm	Example: The sympathetic nervous system triggers the “fight or flight” response. Related: sympathetic chain, sympathetic response.
Parasympathetic Nervous System	/ˌpærəˌsɪmpəˈθɛtɪk ˈnɜːvəs ˈsɪstɪm/	Noun	A division of the autonomic nervous system that conserves energy and restores the body to a state of calm.	Hệ thần kinh phó giao cảm	Example: The parasympathetic nervous system promotes “rest and digest” activities. Related: parasympathetic tone, vagus nerve.
Thalamus	/ˈθæləməs/	Noun	A brain structure that acts as a relay station, transmitting sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex.	Đồi thị	Example: The thalamus is involved in sensory perception and regulation of motor functions. Related: thalamic, thalamocortical.
Hypothalamus	/ˌhaɪpəˈθæləməs/	Noun	A small region of the brain that controls many bodily functions, including temperature regulation, hunger, and hormone release.	Vùng hạ đồi	Example: The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. Related: hypothalamic, hypothalamic-pituitary axis.
Amygdala	/əˈmɪɡdələ/	Noun	A brain structure involved in processing emotions, particularly fear and pleasure.	Hạch hạnh nhân	Example: The amygdala plays a key role in the formation of emotional memories. Related: amygdaloid, limbic system.
Corpus Callosum	/ˌkɔːrpəs kəˈloʊsəm/	Noun	A thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres, enabling communication between them.	Thể chai	Example: The corpus callosum facilitates communication between the two sides of the brain. Related: interhemispheric, split-brain.
Meninges	/məˈnɪndʒiːz/	Noun	The three protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord.	Màng não	Example: The meninges consist of the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. Related: meningitis, meningeal.
Cerebrospinal Fluid	/səˌriːbroʊˈspaɪnəl ˈfluːɪd/	Noun	A clear, colorless body fluid found in the brain and spinal cord that cushions the brain and removes waste.	Dịch não tủy	Example: Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through the ventricles of the brain. Related: CSF, lumbar puncture.
Blood-Brain Barrier	/ˌblʌdˈbreɪn ˈbæriər/	Noun	A selective barrier that prevents certain substances from entering the brain while allowing others to pass.	Hàng rào máu não	Example: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood. Related: permeability, neuroprotection.

Nervous system