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Musculoskeletal System
| Musculoskeletal System | /ˌmʌskjʊləʊˈskɛlɪtəl ˈsɪstəm/ | Noun | The system of muscles and bones that supports movement, maintains posture, and protects internal organs. | Hệ vận động | Example: The musculoskeletal system consists of bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage. Related: movement, stability. |
| Skeleton | /ˈskɛlɪtn/ | Noun | The framework of bones that supports the body and protects internal organs. | Bộ xương | Example: The human skeleton has 206 bones. Related: axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton. |
| Bone | /bəʊn/ | Noun | The hard, dense tissue that makes up the skeleton, providing structure and protecting organs. | Xương | Example: Bones are made up of compact bone and spongy bone. Related: bone marrow, osteoblast, osteocyte. |
| Joint | /ʤɔɪnt/ | Noun | The point where two bones meet, allowing for movement or stability. | Khớp | Example: Joints can be classified as synovial, cartilaginous, or fibrous. Related: synovial joint, arthritis, range of motion. |
| Cartilage | /ˈkɑːtɪlɪʤ/ | Noun | A firm but flexible connective tissue found in joints, ears, nose, and airways. | Sụn | Example: Cartilage acts as a cushion between bones in joints. Related: articular cartilage, fibrocartilage. |
| Ligament | /ˈlɪɡəmənt/ | Noun | A fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bones, providing stability to joints. | Dây chằng | Example: Ligaments stabilize the knee joint during movement. Related: ligament sprain, ligament repair. |
| Tendon | /ˈtɛndən/ | Noun | A tough, fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone, enabling movement. | Gân | Example: The Achilles tendon connects the calf muscle to the heel bone. Related: tendinitis, ligament. |
| Vertebrae | /ˈvɜːtɪbriː/ | Noun | The bones that make up the spinal column, protecting the spinal cord and supporting the body. | Đốt sống | Example: The vertebrae are divided into cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions. Related: intervertebral disc, spinal cord. |
| Spine | /spaɪn/ | Noun | The backbone, consisting of vertebrae that protect the spinal cord and support the body’s structure. | Cột sống | Example: The spine is divided into five regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. Related: spinal cord, spinal injury. |
| Rib Cage | /rɪb keɪʤ/ | Noun | The set of ribs that protect the lungs and heart. | Lồng ngực | Example: The rib cage consists of 12 pairs of ribs attached to the spine and sternum. Related: costal cartilage, sternum. |
| Pelvis | /ˈpɛlvɪs/ | Noun | The bony structure at the base of the spine that supports the lower limbs and protects pelvic organs. | Khung chậu | Example: The pelvis consists of the ilium, ischium, and pubis. Related: pelvic girdle, hip joint. |
| Femur | /ˈfiːmər/ | Noun | The thigh bone, which is the longest and strongest bone in the body. | Xương đùi | Example: The femur connects the pelvis to the knee joint. Related: hip fracture, femoral head. |
| Humerus | /ˈhjuːmərəs/ | Noun | The bone of the upper arm, extending from the shoulder to the elbow. | Xương cánh tay | Example: The humerus articulates with the scapula at the shoulder joint. Related: radius, ulna, rotator cuff. |
| Scapula | /ˈskæpjʊlə/ | Noun | The shoulder blade, a flat triangular bone that connects the humerus to the clavicle. | Xương vai | Example: The scapula plays a crucial role in shoulder movement. Related: shoulder joint, rotator cuff. |
| Clavicle | /ˈklævɪkl/ | Noun | The collarbone, a long bone that connects the scapula to the sternum. | Xương đòn | Example: The clavicle helps stabilize the shoulder. Related: clavicular fracture, sternoclavicular joint. |
| Radius | /ˈreɪdiəs/ | Noun | One of the two bones of the forearm, located on the thumb side, involved in elbow and wrist movement. | Xương quay | Example: The radius rotates around the ulna during forearm movement. Related: ulna, wrist joint. |
| Ulna | /ˈʌlnə/ | Noun | The longer of the two bones in the forearm, located on the side opposite the thumb. | Xương trụ | Example: The ulna and radius work together to enable forearm rotation. Related: radius, elbow joint. |
| Tibia | /ˈtɪbiə/ | Noun | The shinbone, the larger and stronger of the two bones in the lower leg. | Xương chày | Example: The tibia supports most of the body’s weight in the lower leg. Related: fibula, knee joint. |
| Fibula | /ˈfɪbjʊlə/ | Noun | The smaller bone of the lower leg, running parallel to the tibia. | Xương mác | Example: The fibula provides stability to the ankle and lower leg. Related: tibia, ankle joint. |
| Patella | /pəˈtɛlə/ | Noun | The kneecap, a small bone that protects the knee joint. | Xương bánh chè | Example: The patella helps with knee extension. Related: knee joint, patellar tendon. |
| Muscle | /ˈmʌsl/ | Noun | A tissue composed of fibers capable of contracting, causing movement or maintaining posture. | Cơ bắp | Example: Muscles work in pairs to move bones. Related: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle. |
| Skeletal Muscle | /ˈskɛlɪtl ˈmʌsl/ | Noun | A type of muscle attached to bones, responsible for voluntary movements. | Cơ xương | Example: Skeletal muscles are controlled by the somatic nervous system. Related: voluntary muscle, striated muscle. |
| Smooth Muscle | /smuːð ˈmʌsl/ | Noun | Involuntary muscle found in walls of internal organs such as the intestines and blood vessels. | Cơ trơn | Example: Smooth muscle controls involuntary movements such as digestion. Related: involuntary muscle, non-striated muscle. |
| Cardiac Muscle | /ˈkɑːrdiæk ˈmʌsl/ | Noun | The muscle tissue of the heart, responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. | Cơ tim | Example: Cardiac muscle is involuntary and contracts rhythmically. Related: myocardium, heart contraction. |
| Myofibril | /ˌmaɪoʊˈfaɪbrɪl/ | Noun | A basic rod-like unit of a muscle cell that contracts to generate force. | Tơ cơ | Example: Myofibrils are composed of sarcomeres, the contractile units of muscle. Related: sarcomere, actin, myosin. |
| Sarcomere | /ˈsɑːrkəˌmɪər/ | Noun | The functional contractile unit of a myofibril, made of actin and myosin filaments. | Đơn vị co cơ | Example: Sarcomeres shorten during muscle contraction. Related: myofibril, muscle contraction. |
| Actin | /ˈæktɪn/ | Noun | A protein that forms thin filaments in muscle cells, playing a key role in muscle contraction. | Actin | Example: Actin interacts with myosin to produce muscle contraction. Related |
Musculoskeletal System